#194: orphan-file sweep, drop the unused Attachment.deletedAt

Nightly sweep with two directions: attachments still unclaimed (pageId
null) after a 24 h grace period - claimed by no collab persist, page
upload, or import - are reclaimed (row, file, quota released); files on
the uploads volume without a database row (drift after a crashed
upload) are removed once older than the grace period. The grace period
protects the paste-then-insert window.

Deliberate deviation from the issue's content-reference idea, documented
in schema comment and operations.md: claimed attachments whose page
content no longer embeds them are NOT auto-deleted. The page attachments
panel lists claimed files as user-managed objects (inserting into the
document is optional there), so 'not embedded' is not 'unused' - an
auto-delete would destroy panel assets. Humans clean those up in the
panel or the pond file manager, which flags orphans already.

Attachment.deletedAt is removed by migration - deletion is hard
everywhere (sweep, purge, manual), there is no soft-delete state; the
never-true deletedAt:null filters in files/export queries went with it.

Refs #194

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_0168Ph5uBmHm8X28CSVpbpnJ

apps/api/prisma/migrations/20260730120000_drop_attachment_deleted_at/migration.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+-- Issue #194: attachments have exactly one deletion semantics (hard delete
+-- by sweep, purge, or manual removal) — the never-written soft-delete
+-- marker goes away.
+ALTER TABLE "attachments" DROP COLUMN "deleted_at";

apps/api/prisma/schema.prisma

@@ -529,15 +529,18 @@ model PondUsage {
 /// `<uploadsDir>/<pondId>/<id>` (FileStorageService); this row carries the
 /// metadata needed to serve and account for it. `pageId` starts unset —
 /// images are uploaded before the page referencing them is known
-/// (paste-then-insert, issue #28) — and is set on every page state save to
-/// whichever page's document currently embeds the file (issue #31,
-/// `PagesService.saveState`); the trash-purge job uses that link to delete
-/// a purged page's files. Not touched when an image is later removed from
-/// its page's content — an orphan-file sweep to reclaim those is a
-/// separate future maintenance job (operations.md), not this one.
-/// `deletedAt` stays unused for now — purge hard-deletes attachments
-/// directly rather than soft-deleting them first — reserved for that same
-/// future orphan-sweep job.
+/// (paste-then-insert, issue #28) — and is claimed on every collab persist
+/// by whichever page's document embeds the file (issue #31), or at upload
+/// for the page attachments panel (#61); the trash-purge job uses that
+/// link to delete a purged page's files. A row whose `pageId` is STILL
+/// null after a grace period was claimed by nothing and is reclaimed by
+/// the nightly orphan-file sweep (issue #194, OrphanSweepService).
+/// Claimed files are deliberately NOT auto-reclaimed when the content
+/// stops referencing them: the page attachments panel lists them as
+/// user-managed objects (insert is optional there), so "not embedded" is
+/// not "unused" — the pond file manager is the human cleanup path.
+/// Deletion is hard everywhere (sweep, purge, manual) — there is no
+/// soft-delete state on attachments (issue #194 removed `deletedAt`).
 model Attachment {
   id          String   @id @default(uuid())
   pondId      String   @map("pond_id")
@@ -548,7 +551,6 @@ model Attachment {
   storagePath String   @map("storage_path")
   uploadedBy  String   @map("uploaded_by")
   createdAt   DateTime @default(now()) @map("created_at")
-  deletedAt   DateTime? @map("deleted_at")
 
   pond     Pond  @relation(fields: [pondId], references: [id])
   page     Page? @relation(fields: [pageId], references: [id])

apps/api/src/files/file-storage.service.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { createReadStream } from 'node:fs';
-import { access, mkdir, rm, writeFile } from 'node:fs/promises';
+import { access, mkdir, readdir, rm, stat, writeFile } from 'node:fs/promises';
 import { join } from 'node:path';
 import type { Readable } from 'node:stream';
 
@@ -46,4 +46,37 @@ export class FileStorageService {
   async delete(pondId: string, fileId: string): Promise<void> {
     await rm(this.pathFor(pondId, fileId), { force: true });
   }
+
+  /**
+   * Every stored file with its modification time, for the orphan sweep's
+   * volume↔database direction (issue #194, ADR 0011). A missing uploads
+   * directory is an empty volume, not an error.
+   */
+  async listStored(): Promise<{ pondId: string; fileId: string; mtimeMs: number }[]> {
+    const root = this.config.env.UPLOADS_DIR;
+    const result: { pondId: string; fileId: string; mtimeMs: number }[] = [];
+    let pondDirs: string[];
+    try {
+      pondDirs = await readdir(root);
+    } catch {
+      return result;
+    }
+    for (const pondId of pondDirs) {
+      let files: string[];
+      try {
+        files = await readdir(join(root, pondId));
+      } catch {
+        continue; // not a directory or vanished mid-walk
+      }
+      for (const fileId of files) {
+        try {
+          const info = await stat(join(root, pondId, fileId));
+          if (info.isFile()) result.push({ pondId, fileId, mtimeMs: info.mtimeMs });
+        } catch {
+          // vanished mid-walk — the next sweep sees the truth
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
 }

apps/api/src/files/files.e2e.db.test.ts

@@ -301,7 +301,6 @@ describe.skipIf(!hasTestDb)('files (e2e, issue #27)', () => {
     await api().get(`/api/v1/media/${uploaded.body.id}`).set('Cookie', ownerCookie).expect(200);
     const stillThere = await prisma.attachment.findUnique({ where: { id: uploaded.body.id } });
     expect(stillThere).not.toBeNull();
-    expect(stillThere?.deletedAt).toBeNull();
   });
 
   it('lists a page attachment for the page and links it (#61)', async () => {

apps/api/src/files/files.module.ts

@@ -1,16 +1,38 @@
-import { Module } from '@nestjs/common';
+import { Module, OnModuleInit } from '@nestjs/common';
 
+import { CommonModule } from '../common/common.module';
 import { PondsModule } from '../ponds/ponds.module';
 import { QuotasModule } from '../quotas/quotas.module';
+import { SchedulerModule } from '../scheduler/scheduler.module';
+import { SchedulerService } from '../scheduler/scheduler.service';
 
 import { FileStorageService } from './file-storage.service';
 import { FilesController } from './files.controller';
 import { FilesService } from './files.service';
+import { OrphanSweepService } from './orphan-sweep.service';
+
+/** Nightly, per operations.md's maintenance-jobs table (issue #194). */
+const ORPHAN_SWEEP_CADENCE_SECONDS = 24 * 60 * 60;
 
 @Module({
-  imports: [PondsModule, QuotasModule],
+  imports: [CommonModule, PondsModule, QuotasModule, SchedulerModule],
   controllers: [FilesController],
-  providers: [FilesService, FileStorageService],
+  providers: [FilesService, FileStorageService, OrphanSweepService],
   exports: [FileStorageService, FilesService],
 })
-export class FilesModule {}
+export class FilesModule implements OnModuleInit {
+  constructor(
+    private readonly scheduler: SchedulerService,
+    private readonly sweep: OrphanSweepService,
+  ) {}
+
+  onModuleInit(): void {
+    this.scheduler.register({
+      name: 'orphan-file-sweep',
+      cadenceSeconds: ORPHAN_SWEEP_CADENCE_SECONDS,
+      run: async () => {
+        await this.sweep.sweep();
+      },
+    });
+  }
+}

apps/api/src/files/files.service.ts

@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ export class FilesService {
   /** Attachments linked to a page, for its attachments section (#61). */
   async listForPage(pageId: string): Promise<AttachmentListItemView[]> {
     const rows = await this.prisma.attachment.findMany({
-      where: { pageId, deletedAt: null },
+      where: { pageId },
       orderBy: { createdAt: 'desc' },
       include: { uploader: true, page: true },
     });
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ export class FilesService {
   async listForPond(pondId: string): Promise<PondFilesView> {
     const [rows, usage, storageBytesLimit] = await Promise.all([
       this.prisma.attachment.findMany({
-        where: { pondId, deletedAt: null },
+        where: { pondId },
         orderBy: { createdAt: 'desc' },
         include: { uploader: true, page: true },
       }),

apps/api/src/files/orphan-sweep.e2e.db.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+import { existsSync } from 'node:fs';
+import { utimes, writeFile, mkdir } from 'node:fs/promises';
+import { join } from 'node:path';
+
+import { INestApplication } from '@nestjs/common';
+import { PrismaClient } from '@prisma/client';
+import request from 'supertest';
+import { afterAll, beforeAll, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
+
+import { createTestApp, sessionCookieOf } from '../testing/test-app';
+import { createTestPrisma, hasTestDb, uniqueSuffix } from '../testing/test-db';
+import { UsersService } from '../users/users.service';
+import { OrphanSweepService } from './orphan-sweep.service';
+
+const HOUR = 60 * 60 * 1000;
+
+/**
+ * Orphan-file sweep (issue #194): unclaimed attachments past the grace
+ * period are reclaimed (row, file, quota), fresh ones are protected
+ * (paste-then-insert), claimed ones are never touched — the page
+ * attachments panel is a legitimate reference — and stray files without a
+ * database row disappear once old enough.
+ */
+describe.skipIf(!hasTestDb)('orphan file sweep (e2e, issue #194)', () => {
+  let app: INestApplication;
+  let prisma: PrismaClient;
+  const suffix = uniqueSuffix();
+  const password = 'orphan sweep pass 1';
+  const ids: Record<string, string> = {};
+  const cookies: Record<string, string> = {};
+  let pondId: string;
+  let pageId: string;
+
+  const api = () => request(app.getHttpServer());
+  const fileOnDisk = (fondId: string, fileId: string) =>
+    join(process.env.UPLOADS_DIR!, fondId, fileId);
+
+  async function makeUser(handle: string, siteAdmin = false): Promise<void> {
+    const users = app.get(UsersService);
+    const username = `os-${handle}-${suffix}`;
+    const user = await users.createUser({
+      username,
+      email: `${username}@example.org`,
+      displayName: `Sweep ${handle}`,
+      password,
+      locale: 'en',
+    });
+    ids[handle] = user.id;
+    await users.markEmailVerified(user.id);
+    if (siteAdmin) {
+      await prisma.user.update({ where: { id: user.id }, data: { isSiteAdmin: true } });
+    }
+    cookies[handle] = sessionCookieOf(
+      await api()
+        .post('/api/v1/auth/login')
+        .send({ usernameOrEmail: username, password })
+        .expect(200),
+    );
+  }
+
+  /** A real upload via the pond route (pageId stays null = unclaimed). */
+  async function uploadUnclaimed(name: string): Promise<string> {
+    const res = await api()
+      .post(`/api/v1/ponds/${pondId}/files`)
+      .set('Cookie', cookies.owner!)
+      .attach('file', Buffer.from(`bytes of ${name}`), name)
+      .expect(201);
+    return res.body.id as string;
+  }
+
+  function backdate(attachmentId: string, ageMs: number): Promise<unknown> {
+    return prisma.attachment.update({
+      where: { id: attachmentId },
+      data: { createdAt: new Date(Date.now() - ageMs) },
+    });
+  }
+
+  beforeAll(async () => {
+    prisma = createTestPrisma();
+    await prisma.rateLimit.deleteMany({});
+    app = await createTestApp();
+    await makeUser('owner');
+    await makeUser('admin', true);
+    await api()
+      .put(`/api/v1/admin/quotas/user/${ids.owner!}/additional_ponds`)
+      .set('Cookie', cookies.admin!)
+      .send({ value: 5 })
+      .expect(200);
+    const pond = await api()
+      .post('/api/v1/ponds')
+      .set('Cookie', cookies.owner!)
+      .send({ name: `Sweep Pond ${suffix}` })
+      .expect(201);
+    pondId = pond.body.id;
+    const page = await api()
+      .post(`/api/v1/ponds/${pondId}/pages`)
+      .set('Cookie', cookies.owner!)
+      .send({ title: `Sweep Page ${suffix}` })
+      .expect(201);
+    pageId = page.body.id;
+  });
+
+  afterAll(async () => {
+    const all = Object.values(ids);
+    await prisma.quotaOverride.deleteMany({ where: { subjectId: { in: all } } });
+    await prisma.auditEntry.deleteMany({ where: { actorId: { in: all } } });
+    const ponds = await prisma.pond.findMany({
+      where: { ownerId: { in: all } },
+      select: { id: true },
+    });
+    const pondIds = ponds.map((p) => p.id);
+    await prisma.attachment.deleteMany({ where: { pondId: { in: pondIds } } });
+    await prisma.page.deleteMany({ where: { pondId: { in: pondIds } } });
+    await prisma.pond.deleteMany({ where: { id: { in: pondIds } } });
+    await prisma.watch.deleteMany({ where: { userId: { in: all } } });
+    await prisma.session.deleteMany({ where: { userId: { in: all } } });
+    await prisma.userIdentity.deleteMany({ where: { userId: { in: all } } });
+    await prisma.user.deleteMany({ where: { id: { in: all } } });
+    await prisma.$disconnect();
+    await app.close();
+  });
+
+  it('reclaims unclaimed attachments past the grace period, protects fresh and claimed ones', async () => {
+    const oldUnclaimed = await uploadUnclaimed('old-unclaimed.txt');
+    const freshUnclaimed = await uploadUnclaimed('fresh-unclaimed.txt');
+    const oldClaimed = await api()
+      .post(`/api/v1/pages/${pageId}/files`)
+      .set('Cookie', cookies.owner!)
+      .attach('file', Buffer.from('panel asset'), 'panel-asset.txt')
+      .expect(201);
+    await backdate(oldUnclaimed, 25 * HOUR);
+    await backdate(oldClaimed.body.id, 25 * HOUR);
+
+    const usageBefore = await prisma.pondUsage.findUnique({ where: { pondId } });
+    const reclaimedBytes = (
+      await prisma.attachment.findUniqueOrThrow({
+        where: { id: oldUnclaimed },
+      })
+    ).sizeBytes;
+
+    const result = await app.get(OrphanSweepService).sweep();
+    expect(result.reclaimed).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(1);
+
+    // The old unclaimed upload is gone: row, file, quota.
+    expect(await prisma.attachment.findUnique({ where: { id: oldUnclaimed } })).toBeNull();
+    expect(existsSync(fileOnDisk(pondId, oldUnclaimed))).toBe(false);
+    const usageAfter = await prisma.pondUsage.findUnique({ where: { pondId } });
+    expect(Number(usageBefore!.storageBytesUsed) - Number(usageAfter!.storageBytesUsed)).toBe(
+      reclaimedBytes,
+    );
+
+    // The fresh unclaimed upload survives (paste-then-insert grace).
+    expect(await prisma.attachment.findUnique({ where: { id: freshUnclaimed } })).not.toBeNull();
+    expect(existsSync(fileOnDisk(pondId, freshUnclaimed))).toBe(true);
+
+    // The claimed panel asset survives despite its age — never swept.
+    expect(
+      await prisma.attachment.findUnique({ where: { id: oldClaimed.body.id } }),
+    ).not.toBeNull();
+    expect(existsSync(fileOnDisk(pondId, oldClaimed.body.id))).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it('removes stray files without a database row once they are old enough', async () => {
+    const dir = join(process.env.UPLOADS_DIR!, pondId);
+    await mkdir(dir, { recursive: true });
+    const oldStray = join(dir, `stray-old-${suffix}`);
+    const freshStray = join(dir, `stray-fresh-${suffix}`);
+    await writeFile(oldStray, 'stray bytes');
+    await writeFile(freshStray, 'stray bytes');
+    const past = new Date(Date.now() - 25 * HOUR);
+    await utimes(oldStray, past, past);
+
+    const result = await app.get(OrphanSweepService).sweep();
+
+    expect(existsSync(oldStray)).toBe(false);
+    expect(existsSync(freshStray)).toBe(true);
+    expect(result.strays).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(1);
+  });
+});

apps/api/src/files/orphan-sweep.service.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+import { Injectable } from '@nestjs/common';
+import { PinoLogger } from 'nestjs-pino';
+
+import { ClockService } from '../common/clock.service';
+import { PrismaService } from '../prisma/prisma.service';
+import { QuotaService } from '../quotas/quota.service';
+
+import { FileStorageService } from './file-storage.service';
+
+/**
+ * Nightly orphan-file sweep (issue #194, ADR 0011) with two directions:
+ *
+ * 1. UNCLAIMED ROWS: an attachment whose `pageId` is still null after the
+ *    grace period was claimed by nothing — not by a collab persist (which
+ *    claims every embedded image, apps/collab persistence), not by a page
+ *    upload (#61), not by an import (`linkAttachmentsToPage`). The pond
+ *    file manager flags exactly these as orphans; the sweep reclaims them
+ *    (row + file + quota). The grace period protects paste-then-insert:
+ *    an upload is unclaimed until the ~2 s-debounced persist runs.
+ *
+ * 2. STRAY FILES: bytes on the uploads volume without a database row
+ *    (volume↔DB drift, e.g. a crash between file write and row insert).
+ *    Removed once older than the grace period; no quota to correct — the
+ *    reservation was rolled back with the failed upload.
+ *
+ * Deliberately NOT swept: claimed attachments whose page content no longer
+ * references them. The page attachments panel lists claimed files as
+ * user-managed objects — inserting into the document is optional there —
+ * so "not embedded" is not "unused"; auto-deleting would destroy panel
+ * assets. Humans clean those up in the panel or the pond file manager.
+ */
+const GRACE_MS = 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000;
+
+@Injectable()
+export class OrphanSweepService {
+  constructor(
+    private readonly prisma: PrismaService,
+    private readonly storage: FileStorageService,
+    private readonly quotas: QuotaService,
+    private readonly clock: ClockService,
+    private readonly logger: PinoLogger,
+  ) {
+    this.logger.setContext(OrphanSweepService.name);
+  }
+
+  async sweep(): Promise<{ reclaimed: number; strays: number }> {
+    const cutoff = this.clock.now().getTime() - GRACE_MS;
+
+    const unclaimed = await this.prisma.attachment.findMany({
+      where: { pageId: null, createdAt: { lte: new Date(cutoff) } },
+    });
+    for (const attachment of unclaimed) {
+      // File first (idempotent), then row + quota — a crash in between
+      // leaves a row the next sweep finishes, never untracked bytes.
+      await this.storage.delete(attachment.pondId, attachment.id);
+      await this.prisma.attachment.deleteMany({ where: { id: attachment.id } });
+      await this.quotas.release(attachment.pondId, attachment.sizeBytes);
+      this.logger.info(
+        { attachmentId: attachment.id, pondId: attachment.pondId },
+        'audit: orphaned attachment reclaimed',
+      );
+    }
+
+    let strays = 0;
+    const stored = await this.storage.listStored();
+    const ids = new Set(
+      (await this.prisma.attachment.findMany({ select: { id: true } })).map((a) => a.id),
+    );
+    for (const file of stored) {
+      if (ids.has(file.fileId) || file.mtimeMs > cutoff) continue;
+      await this.storage.delete(file.pondId, file.fileId);
+      strays += 1;
+      this.logger.info(
+        { fileId: file.fileId, pondId: file.pondId },
+        'audit: stray file without database row removed',
+      );
+    }
+
+    return { reclaimed: unclaimed.length, strays };
+  }
+}

apps/api/src/import-export/export.service.ts

@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ export class ExportService {
     const attachmentRows =
       referenced.size > 0
         ? await this.prisma.attachment.findMany({
-            where: { id: { in: [...referenced] }, pondId, deletedAt: null },
+            where: { id: { in: [...referenced] }, pondId },
             select: { id: true, mimeType: true },
           })
         : [];
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ export class ExportService {
     const dataUriById = new Map<string, string>();
     if (ids.length === 0) return dataUriById;
     const attachments = await this.prisma.attachment.findMany({
-      where: { id: { in: ids }, pondId, deletedAt: null },
+      where: { id: { in: ids }, pondId },
       select: { id: true, mimeType: true },
     });
     for (const attachment of attachments) {

docs/architecture/operations.md

@@ -110,6 +110,18 @@ monitoring, structured logs, backup alerting — no dedicated metrics stack.
 Job outcomes are visible in the Site Admin UI (last run, status) — that
 panel is the operator's single glance for instance health.
 
+Orphan file sweep (issue #194): nightly, two directions. Attachments
+still unclaimed (`pageId` null) after a 24 h grace period — claimed by
+no collab persist, page upload, or import — are reclaimed (row, file,
+quota); the grace period protects the paste-then-insert window. Files on
+the uploads volume without a database row (drift after a crashed upload)
+are removed once older than the grace period. Claimed attachments whose
+page content no longer embeds them are deliberately NOT auto-deleted:
+the page attachments panel lists them as user-managed objects (insert is
+optional there), so cleanup of those is a human decision in the panel or
+the pond file manager. Attachment deletion is hard everywhere — the
+unused `deleted_at` column was removed with #194.
+
 Pond purge (issue #193): a trashed pond past the trash retention is
 removed with everything it holds — pages (cascading versions, comments,
 content cache incl. the search vector, update log, mentions, label

docs/vs-nfd/20-massnahmenplan.md

@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ chain`_
 - [x] **Backup-Ziele einschränkbar** — Allowlist, WebDAV/rsync per Deploy
       vollständig deaktivierbar · 2 AT · #192
 - [x] **Pond-Purge implementieren** — getrashte Ponds bleiben ewig liegen · 3 AT · #193
-- [ ] **Orphan-File-Sweep** implementieren, `Attachment.deletedAt` nutzen
+- [x] **Orphan-File-Sweep** implementieren, `Attachment.deletedAt` nutzen
       oder entfernen · 2 AT · #194
 - [ ] **Papierkorb aus dem Suchindex** entfernen statt query-seitig filtern · 2 AT · #195
 - [ ] **Retention-Job für `audit_log`** · 1 AT · #196